The author is a production and broadcasting officer at TRT Russian

ISTANBUL

As the Russia-Ukraine war progresses from a bilateral conflict to a global power struggle, the diversity of actors on the battlefield introduces new dimensions to the conflict. Both Ukraine and Russia are integrating foreign fighters into their military operations, transcending the use of traditional armed forces. This development has significant implications for the trajectory of the war and profoundly impacts international diplomacy and geopolitical balances.

Emergence of foreign military legions

States are creating foreign military legions to fulfill the need for flexible and rapid response forces that can support their traditional military capabilities.

From French and Spanish forces in the colonial wars to modern groups such as Russia's Wagner Group and Western military volunteers in Syria, foreign legions are present in conflicts as military and ideological-political assets.

Similarly, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Chechnya, and Nigeria, foreign fighters motivated by ideology provided support to local resistance movements, while international coalition forces and volunteer soldiers played a significant role in state-level interventions.

North Korea’s military: A mysterious and disciplined force

On Nov. 12, 2024, North Korea and Russia approved a strategic partnership agreement, thereby taking a significant step in strengthening the military ties. The 23-article agreement serves to institutionalize defense cooperation between the two countries, with a particular focus on providing comprehensive support against external aggression.

The North Korean military is renowned for its secrecy and discipline. It comprises approximately 1.28 million active personnel and 600,000 reserves. The mandatory military service period lasts up to 10 years for men and 8 years for women. Ideological training and loyalty to the regime are the core structural elements of this period. Nevertheless, shortcomings in military technology and a paucity of international experience give rise to substantial skepticism regarding the actual combat effectiveness of the armed forces.

Potential impact of North Korean troops on Russia’s side

Speculation regarding the deployment of North Korean troops in support of Russian military operations has elicited a range of responses from the international community. Despite the Russian government's refutation of these allegations, which it asserts are limited to the exchange of military expertise, the prospective consequences are significant for both Russia and North Korea.

For Russia, North Korean troops could assist in addressing manpower deficiencies on the battlefield. Additionally, due to their discipline and ideological commitment, they may offer advantages in specific missions. For North Korea, participation could facilitate the lifting of international sanctions and contribute to the strengthening of bilateral relations with Russia.

Nevertheless, the alliance entails certain risks. The deployment of North Korean troops could potentially lead to morale issues among local Russian forces and result in coordination challenges on the ground. Such actions could also prompt the imposition of more stringent sanctions by Western powers. For North Korea, the potential for significant casualties or failures among its troops carries with it the risk of unavoidable media attention, which could ultimately damage the regime's international standing.

Foreign officers in Ukraine: Necessity or risk?

On Oct. 25, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy enacted legislation that permits foreign volunteers in the Ukrainian International Legion to serve as officers. This decision appears to be a strategic move at a critical juncture in the war.

Initially regarded as a symbolic entity, the Ukrainian International Legion, comprising fighters from over 50 countries, has assumed greater significance as the war persists and the necessity for seasoned leadership intensifies. The appointment of foreign officers is regarded as a strategic measure to address the deficit of technical expertise and combat experience.

Nevertheless, this course of action entails certain risks. It is possible that Ukrainian soldiers may react unfavorably to receiving orders from foreign officers, which could result in a decline in morale and the emergence of internal tensions. Furthermore, the deployment of foreign officers may reinforce the perception that Ukraine's military operations are heavily reliant on external assistance.

Prolonged conflict: Balancing power and motivation

The mounting reliance on foreign military forces by both Russia and Ukraine may be an indication of strategic preparations for a prolonged conflict. Nevertheless, this reliance entails inherent risks for both parties with regard to the equilibrium of power and motivation.

Language barriers and operational challenges reduce the effectiveness of foreign fighters on the battlefield for both Ukraine and Russia, leading to coordination issues during combat. These difficulties limit the contributions of foreign units and increase the burden on local soldiers and commanders.

In conclusion, the course of this war will be shaped not only by the actions on the battlefield but also by the ability of each side to maintain international support. The strategic withdrawal of the party experiencing a loss of power and motivation will ultimately determine the final outcome of the conflict.

*Opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Anadolu's editorial policy.