BERLIN
Thousands of Turkish immigrants are expected to rally in Berlin on Saturday to protest against allegations that claim an Armenian "genocide" was committed in 1915.
The Turkish Community in Berlin (TGB), which has organized the demonstration, announced on Tuesday that 10,000 people are expected to join the rally in the German capital, a day after the German government described the forced relocation of Armenians under the Ottoman Empire as an example "for the mass killings, forced deportations and genocides of the 20th century".
The largest union of Turkish immigrants in Germany - the Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs (DITIB); the conservative Union of European Turkish Democrats (UETD), the secular Ataturk Thought Association (ADD) and the right-wing Berlin Alperen Ocaklari have all backed the call.
The TGB and 14 other NGOs expressed sympathy for the sufferings of the Ottoman Armenians in war-time conditions in a joint statement, but said claims of genocide were not supported by historical facts.
“On such a disputed issue, reading the 1915 incidents unilaterally with the thesis of the Armenians will not bring any positive contribution to relations between Turkey and Germany, or relations between Turkey and Armenia,” the NGOs said.
They stressed that not only Armenians, but hundreds of thousands of Ottoman citizens from different ethnic and religious background suffered during World War I.
Forced relocation
The German government announced on Monday it would support a draft parliamentary motion describing the forced relocation of Armenians as a "genocide of the 20th century."
The move marked the first time that the German government had used the word "genocide" when referring to the forced relocation of Armenians in 1915.
After growing support for the draft motion by lawmakers, Chancellor Angela Merkel’s conservative-left coalition agreed to a compromise wording on the motion, to mark the100th anniversary of the incidents.
The motion states “the destiny of Armenians during the First World War constitutes an example for the history of mass destructions, ethnic cleansings, forced deportations and genocides in the 20th century."
The move came after the European Parliament adopted a resolution on Wednesday labeling the 1915 events as "genocide", three days after Pope Francis also did the same, drawing sharp criticism from the Turkish government.
Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have demanded an apology and compensation for the 1915 incidents.
What happened in 1915?
World War I was a global disaster that left 15 million people dead and another 20 million injured.
The empires of the Ottomans, Austria-Hungary and Russia collapsed and boundaries were remapped.
Millions of people had to leave their homes -- a common fate for the people who formed the Ottoman Empire, including Armenians.
During the war, some Armenian nationalists took advantage of the fact that the Ottoman and Russian forces were fighting each other and collaborated with the Russian army, with the aim of creating an ethnically homogenous Armenian homeland.
When the Russian army invaded eastern Anatolia, some volunteer Armenian units in Russia and the Ottoman Empire supported the invasion. Some Armenian officials in the Ottoman army switched sides and joined the invading Russian army against the Turks.
Also, some Armenian armed groups massacred civilians during the Russian invasion.
In response, the Ottoman government tried to convince Armenian representatives and opinion leaders to stop the violence, but with no favorable result. The government then decided to shut down the Armenian revolutionary committees and arrest or deport some well-known figures on April 24, 1915 -- a date which would later be selected to hold activities commemorating the so-called "Armenian genocide."
On May 27, 1915, the Ottoman government ordered the Armenian population residing in or near the war zone, as well as those collaborating with the Russian army, to be relocated to the southern Ottoman provinces.
War-time conditions, famine, epidemics, ongoing internal conflicts and local groups seeking to take revenge, left a number of Armenians dead, although the Ottoman government had made careful plans for their safe transfer and tried to meet their humanitarian needs.
Historical documents clearly show that the Ottoman government, not only did not intend for these tragedies to take place, but also punished offenders who committed crimes against the relocated Armenians.
Officials and civilians who were found guilty of disobeying the government’s instructions to conduct the relocation in a secure way, were tried and sentenced to capital punishment, long before the end of World War I.
Russia, meanwhile, exited the battle after The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and left the region to Armenian militias, who invaded many Ottoman residential areas using Russian arms.
With The Treaty of Sevres, signed on Aug. 10, 1920, the Ottoman Empire was forced to allow an Armenian state in eastern Anatolia. The treaty, however, did not come into effect.
Consequently, eastern Anatolia was invaded again by Armenian militias, who were rebuffed in December 1920.
The Treaty of Alexandropol, signed on Dec. 2, 1920, created a new boundary between today's Armenia and Turkey, but since Armenia was part of Russia, the treaty was not implemented.
With The Treaty of Kars signed on Oct.13, 1921, the Turkish- Armenian border was specified again.
After Armenia’s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the country said it no longer recognized the Treaty of Kars.
Need for empathy
Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have demanded an apology and compensation for the 1915 incidents.
They have also advocated for the recognition of the events as “genocide,” a term defined in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide as “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.”
Turkey objects to the presentation of the incidents as “genocide” and describes the 1915 events as a tragedy for both sides.
Turkey argues that the issue should be handled from a perspective of “just memory,” by respecting the “memory” of both sides, understanding what each nation experienced and taking a non-political, non-biased approach to history.
The Turkish government has repeatedly proposed the creation of a joint commission of historians from both countries that includes international experts in order to tackle the issue in a scientific manner.
The commission is proposed to conduct its research, not only by using Turkish and Armenian archives, but also by using the relevant archives of other countries.
Armenia did not use opportunity to normalize relations
The most significant development in the normalization of relations between the two countries was in October 2009, when two protocols were signed to rebuild diplomatic relations and improve bilateral relations.
The protocols proposed an impartial scientific examination of the historical records and archives and the mutual recognition of boundaries in order to restore confidence between the two nations and find solutions to existing problems.
The protocols also included cooperation in a wide range of areas including tourism, economy, transport, communication, energy, environment, high-level political consultations and student exchange programs, which could all help in normalizing relations.
The Turkish government sent the protocols directly to parliament for approval, while the Armenian government submitted the protocols to the constitutional court, which ruled that they did not abide by the nature and wording of the country’s constitution.
The constitution refers to the "Armenian Declaration of Independence," in which an item reads: "The Republic of Armenia stands in support of the task of achieving international recognition of the 1915 Genocide in Ottoman Turkey and Western Armenia."
The declaration also names the eastern part of today's Turkey as "Western Armenia."
In January 2010, the Armenian government announced that it froze the approval process of the protocols. Five years later, the protocols were withdrawn from the Armenian parliament.
Turkish authorities believe that in order to overcome the historical and political bitterness, all sides must be honest and open-minded.
Turkey's then foreign minister and incumbent Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said in December 2013, following his visit to Armenia, that one-sided approaches and conjunctural evaluations should be avoided in order to find a solution.
He added that history could only be built with a "just memory."
In 2014, when incumbent President Recep Tayyip Erdogan was prime minister, he expressed his condolences for the first time to all Ottoman citizens who lost their lives during the 1915 events, including Armenians.
"I offered a hand of friendship in 2014 to Armenia, but, unfortunately, it came to nothing," Erdogan said in a recent speech.
news_share_descriptionsubscription_contact
